1860s


Events and Trends

   * American Civil War
   * French occupation of Mexico
   * Italy's wars for national unity
   * Catholicism Reaction against Higher Criticism and liberal movement in
     Europe

World Leaders

   * Emperor Franz Josef (Austria-Hungary)
   * Emperor Napoleon III (France)
   * King Victor Emmanuel II (Italy)
   * Pope Pius IX
   * Emperor Alexander II (Russia)
   * Queen Victoria (United Kingdom)
   * Prime Minister Lord Palmerston (United Kingdom)
   * Prime Minister Lord Derby (United Kingdom)
   * Prime Minister William Ewart Gladstone (United Kingdom)
   * President James Buchanan (United States)
   * President Abraham Lincoln (United States)
   * President Andrew Johnson (United States)